Authors: Yahir Hernández Mier; Walter Blondel; Christian Daul; Didier Wolf; Geneviève Bourg-Heckly

Abstract: This work describes an algorithm for the automatic construction of 2-D panoramas from sequences of images taken from a cystoscopic exam. During a cystoscopy, the existent distance between the cystoscope and the bladder walls allows the clinician to observe only a reduced region of the zone of interest. A panoramic representation of this zone could represent a better visual support to the clinician in the localization of eventual lesions and in the application of further exams. We also explore the application of this algorithm to endoscopic fluorescence imaging, one of the main procedures used in the detection of epithelial cancers.

Keywords: image registration,image mosaicing,bladder,fluorescence endoscopy

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00054

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: Mickaël Sauvée; Philippe Poignet; Jean Triboulet; Etienne Dombre; Ezio Malis; Roland Demaria

Abstract: In robotic assisted beating heart surgery, motion of the heart surface might be virtually stabilized to let the surgeon work as in on-pump cardiac surgery. Virtual stabilization means to compensate physically the relative motion between instrument tool tip and point of interest on the heart surface, and to offer surgeon a stable visual display of the scene. In this way, motion of the heart must be estimated. This article focus on motion estimation of heart surface. Classical computer vision method has been applied to reconstruct 3D pose of interest point. Experimental results obtained on in vivo images show the estimated motion of heart surface points.

Keywords: medical applications,motion estimation,vision,robot control,Spectral analysis

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00029

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: Laurent Sommacal; Pierre Melchior; Arnaud Dossat; Julien Petit; Jean-Marie Cabelguen; Alain Oustaloup; Auke Jan Ijspeert

Abstract: Peroneus digiti quarti and peroneus brevis muscles responses of the rat are studied for 10 Hz pulses stimulations. A comparison between two multimodels structures is presented. These multimodels include fractional sub-models. The multimodels allow distinguishing contraction and relaxation phases for identification. Fractional orders used in the sub-models lead to minimize the size of transfer functions. The present study develops the multimodels structure earlier established, by including variation functions of extra parameters for IIA and IIB fibres and to explain muscle response for Motor Units (MU) stimulations at 10 Hz. The multimodels explains rat striated muscle responses, and so, allow its inclusion in a future muscle computer model.

Keywords: modelling,identification,multi systems,fractal systems,biomedical,muscle

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00042

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: A. Wang; M. Mahfouf; G. H. Mills

Abstract: SOPAVent (Simulation of Patients under Artificial Ventilation) is a blood gas model for ventilated patients in intensive care units. In this paper, a continuously updated blood gas model based on SOPAVent is developed and extended to simulate patients' states from a stable to an unstable status. The changes in the patient's physiological state are simulated by updating the shunt and relative dead space in the patient model. The model was validated against blood gas measurements from real patients during a 7-hour period and with changes to the ventilator settings. Results show that, with a selector based on a time criterion, the autonomous model can represent the real patient with a changing physiological state and give good blood gas predictions.

Keywords: intensive care unit,autonomous,dynamics,hybrid,modelling,simulation

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00087

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: Karima Djabella; Michel Sorine

Abstract: A differential model of a cardiac pacemaker cell with only ten state variables is proposed. It is intended for 0D or 3D simulation of the heart under the vagal control of the autonomous nervous system. Three variables are used to describe the membrane (membrane potential and two gate variables of ionic channels), taking into account the dynamics of the main ionic currents (inward sodium, L-type calcium and outward potassium), Na+/Ca2+ exchangers and Na+/K+ pumps. The remaining seven variables are associated with the fluid compartment model that includes Ca2+ binding by myoplasmic proteins, and the intracellular concentrations of free Calcium, Sodium and Potassium. Despite its moderate number of state variables, this model includes the main processes thought to be important in pacemaking on the cell scale and predicts the experimentally observed ionic concentration of calcium, sodium and potassium, action potential and membrane currents. The control by the calcium of the pacemaking activity is also considered.

Keywords: electrical activity,nonlinear systems,dynamic modelling,frequency control

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00082

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: O. K. King; M. Mahfouf; J. J. Ross; M. Denai

Abstract: A compartmental model is modified to simulate the capillary leak associated with Sepsis and Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB). This involves continuously updating the oncotic pressures with regard to the flows in and out of each compartment. As a result, it is possible to model the effects of administering fluids with different oncotic pressures on filtration. The model allows for simulated infusions of vasoactive and inotropic drugs with a range of sensitivities to these drugs, giving a comprehensive platform for testing various control strategies. Furthermore, a fuzzy logic based system is designed to classify drug responses according to sensitivity, using the drug input and mean arterial pressure (MAP) signals from the model. This can be used as part of a comprehensive drug decision support system to estimate initial sensitivity and/or detect long-term changes in drug sensitivity.

Keywords: sepsis,capillary leak,fuzzy inference,medical applications,simulation,decision support,discrimination

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00092

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: Alessandra Pavan; Karl Thomaseth; Giovanni Pacini; Attila Brehm; Michael Roden

Abstract: The dynamics of non-esterified free fatty acids (FFA) during modified intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) is studied. The first step is to formulate a physiological model suitable to describe FFA kinetics. A single compartment model is utilized, with FFA production controlled by insulin in a remote compartment and indirectly by intracellular glucose. Then, from the analysis of the experimental data, the kinetic parameters of the model are estimated using a population modelling approach and their dependence upon individual characteristics is investigated. The proposed model is a promising tool for investigating the relationship between glucose and lipid metabolism and their control by insulin.

Keywords: mathematical models,medical applications,parameter identification,physiological models,statistical analysis

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00033

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: V. Le Rolle; A. Hernández; P-Y. Richard; J. Buisson; G. Carrault

Abstract: A model of the ventricular activity using the Bond Graph formalism is presented. This model considers a simplified description of the ventricular geometry and the electromechanical phenomena occurring during cardiac contraction. Besides the interactions between the mechanical structure and the blood flow are considered. Finally the simulations obtained with the model are compared with real data.

Keywords: biomedical systems,bond graphs,medical applications,physiological models,simulation

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00093

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: J. Hattersley; M. J. Chappell; N. D. Evans; G. P. Mead; A. R. Bradwell

Abstract: A mathematical model has been developed that describes the competitive binding process present in an immunotherapy treatment for parathyroid carcinoma. Compartmental analysis was employed to relate the flow and interaction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and antibodies during the treatment. The model indicates a mechanism of how the antibody response effectively reduces the levels of free PTH. The results suggest that a maximum immune response occurs at approximately 13 weeks after the initial treatment. The immunotherapy treatment used injections of PTH hormone to induce an immune response; it was found that these injections had no negative effect on the PTH levels in the system. Additionally, the model allowed several conclusions to be drawn relating to optimal parameter choices with respect to treatment. For antibody binding the optimal level of effect was around 109s-1, this is within the published in vivo range of 108-1010s-1. It was also established that the concentrations of parathyroid receptors are crucial in determining the pharmacodynamic effects of the treatment.

Keywords: hypercalcemia,antibodies,parathyroid hormone,immunotherapy,compartmental models,nonlinear models,receptor binding kinetics

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00084

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: John Ringwood; Violeta Mangourova; Sarah-Jane Guild; Simon Malpas

Abstract: The control of blood pressure is a complex mixture of neural, hormonal and intrinsic interactions at the level of the heart, kidney and blood vessels. While experimental approaches to understanding these interactions remain useful, it remains difficult to conduct experiments to quantify these interactions as the number of parameters increases. Thus modelling approaches can offer considerable assistance. Typical mathematical models which describe the ability of the blood vessels to change their diameter (vasoconstriction) assume linearity of operation. However, due to the interaction of multiple vasocontrictive and vasodilative effectors, there is a significant nonlinear response to the influence of neural factors, particularly at higher levels of nerve activity (often seen in subjects with high blood pressure) which leads to low blood flow rates. This paper proposes a nonlinear mathematical model for the relationship between neural influences (sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and blood flow, using a feedback path to model the predominently nonlinear effect of local vasoactive modulators such as Nitric Oxide, which oppose the action of SNA. The model, the structure of which is motivated by basic physiological principles, is parameterised using a numerical optimisation method using open-loop data collected from rabbits. The model responses are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data.

Keywords: biomedical systems,mathematical model,blood flow,analysis,numerical optimisation

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00067

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: I. A. Khan; C. J. Hedley; N. S. White; R. Ali; M. J. Chappell; N. D. Evans; L. Campbell; N. Marquez; J. Fisher; P. J. Smith; R. J. Errington

Abstract: Image-derived kinetic cell-based assays, where time is the quality parameter, demand unique solutions enabling image encoding and interrogation of spatio-temporal cellular events. Our overall strategy is to derive integrated data mining tools and predictive models capable of producing in-silico cell response fingerprints for use in drug screening, experimental therapeutics and hypothesis-testing for the design of treatment regimens. Critical to realizing this aim is the development of bioinformatics and visualisation tools to address problems of cellular heterogeneity, stochasticity and scaling for the impact of drugs on cell populations and to use these tools in making fundamental advances in our understanding of drug targeting in complex neoplastic systems.

Keywords: timelapse microscopy,lineage tracking,bioinformatics encoding,Quercus data mining,predictive signatures

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00051

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: R. Ali; L. Campbell; N. D. Evans; R. J. Errington; K. R. Godfrey; P. J. Smith; M. J. Chappell

Abstract: A model describing the response of the growth of single human cells in the absence and presence of the anti-cancer agent, topotecan, is presented. The model is a result of linking the pharmacokinetic (pK) and pharmacodynamic (pD) responses. By linking the models in this way, rather than using separate (static) approaches, it is possible to illustrate how the drug perturbs the cell cycle. The model is validated for a range of drug concentrations with experimental data.

Keywords: pharmacodynamics,pharmacokinetics,compartmental models,topotecan,drug kinetics

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00085

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: Olivier Piot; Ali Tfayli; Sylvain Rubin; Franck Bonnier; Ganesh Sockalingum; Sylvie Derancourt; Philippe Bernard; Michel Manfait

Abstract: Measuring Raman spectra of patient tissues, rapidly, in vivo and in real time, and allowing immediate diagnosis are challenges that have to be reached for a future clinical development of optical techniques. We present here examples of Raman spectra collected with a portable system on skin lesions and aortic tissues. Performances, but also limitations and required improvements of such a system will be discussed.

Keywords: optical spectroscopy,optical fibre,medical systems,spectral analysis,diagnosis,discriminate analysis

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00014

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: Huiting Qiao; Jing Bai

Abstract: Substances transport and metabolism are essential for the maintenance of life. Some compartment models were proposed to describe the substances transport and metabolism in human body. However, they neglected the functions of capillary and could not show the effects of circulatory system. Capillary plays an important role in substances transport. In this paper, a novel mathematical model is presented for substances transport and metabolism. This model consists of two parts: one is substances transporting through capillary by Fick's conservation law; the other one uses a compartment model to describe the metabolism in tissue. This model is proved to be successful by numerical experimentation for brain.

Keywords: physiological model,parameter estimation,permeability,computer tomography,numerical simulation

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00074

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: Gustavo H. C. Oliveira; Mardson F. Amorim; Carlos Pacholok

Abstract: This work is focused on hygrothermal control problem of closed newborn incubators. Such incubator promotes a controlled micro-climate, with small heat transfer between the premature and the environment, which promotes a healthful environment. In this context, the main hygrothermal informations are temperature, relative humidity and partial vapor pressure where the last one is closed related with the water loss by transpiration. A model predictive control scheme for this problem is presented and real time closed-loop control examples validate the proposed method in such a context. The identification procedure, a need in model based control schemes, is based on the use Laguerre functions and the experiments are performed on a laboratory pilot plant (full scale) which was built to evaluate control algorithms in incubators.

Keywords: predictive control,constrained control,system identification orthonormal basis functions,neonatal incubators,hygrothermal conditions

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00070

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: Lingfeng Wen; Stefan Eberl; Dagan Feng; Michael Fulham

Abstract: Cluster analysis has been applied in functional imaging to derive parametric images with improved signal to noise ratio. However, the impact of partial volume effects (PVE) on the parametric images aided by clustering is still uncertain. Computer simulations were performed to generate simulated dynamic data at various noise levels. Reconstructed data were processed by cluster analysis. The generalized linear least squares (GLLS) method was used to estimate parametric images. The results were compared with the parametric images generated without clustering. The results demonstrate that clustering does not enhance PVE, but reduces PVE. Furthermore, clustering-aided parametric images are shown to be insensitive to noise.

Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation,parameter estimation,physiological model,quantitative analysis,computer tomography

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00049

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: R. Robert; P. Micheau; H. Walti

Abstract: Liquid ventilation using perfluorochemicals (PFC) offers clear theoretical advantages over gas ventilation, such as decreased lung damage, recruitment of collapsed lung regions and lavage of inflammatory debris. This paper presents the control of a total liquid ventilator (TLV) dedicated to ventilate patients with completely filled lungs with a tidal volume of perfluorochemical liquid. The two independent piston pumps are volume controlled and pressure limited. Measurable pumping errors are corrected by a programmed supervisor module, which modifies the inserted or withdrawn volume. Pump independence also allows easy FRC modifications during ventilation. The prototype was tested on 5 healthy term newborn lambs (<5 days old).

Keywords: pump control system,mechanical ventilation,tidal liquid ventilation

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00069

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: M. Lesaffre; F. Jean; A. Funke; P. Santos; M. Atlan; B. C. Forget; E. Bossy; F. Ramaz; A. C. Boccara; M. Gross; P. Delaye; G. Roosen

Abstract: The combination of light and ultrasound to measure optical properties through thick and highly scattering media is a tantalizing approach for \emph{in vivo} imaging. This is partly due to the ballistic nature of ultrasound in biological tissue and thus the well-defined localization of the signal with a mm3 resolution. Optics can reveal echography-silent tumors by monitoring the wavelength of the laser source and thus measuring the optical absorption linked to oxy- or deoxyhemoglobin. The coherent nature linked to the acousto-optic effect allows interferometric measurements. A difficulty arises from the speckle nature of the light to analyze, and two techniques with a high etendue are available at present in order to eliminate speckle blurring. They use either a CCD-camera that treats independently each grain of speckle, or a large area single detector and a photorefractive crystal that adapts the wavefront of the reference beam to the speckle output pattern.

Keywords: coherence imaging,light propagation in tissues,turbid media,holography,holographic interferometry,turbid media

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00007

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: R. McCabe; H. Bai; J. Bennett; T. Potts; M. Sharafuddin; J. Halloran; M. Vannnier; G. Wang; E. W. Bai

Abstract: In this paper, an adaptive scheme is proposed and tested for a next generation Computed Tomograph Angiography (CTA). The purpose of the control is to estimate the contrast bolus position so its variations can be compensated by controlling the patient table. This improves the imaging quality and reduces the amount of harmful contrast injection and radiation exposure. The convergence result has been achieved and the experimental results are very promising.

Keywords: adaptive control,medical applications,biomedical systems,estimation algorithms,biomedical control

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00060

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: N.-O. Negård; T. Schauer; R. Kauert; J. Raisch

Abstract: An inertial sensor mounted on the foot of the affected body side represents an alternative to traditional foot switches in Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)- assisted gait rehabilitation systems. The inertial sensor consisting of 3 gyroscopes and 3 accelerometers can be utilised to detect gait phases which can be applied to synchronise the electrical stimulation with the gait. Additionally, the sensor can be applied to estimate orientation and 3 dimensional movement of the foot. Based on the estimated orientation and linear position several movement parameters can be defined. The most important are the foot clearance, which is defined as maximal distance between foot and ground, and the sagittal angle of the foot in relation to the ground at the time as the heel hits the ground. In this paper we describe a practical system for FES-assisted gait training based on inertial sensors where the electrical stimulation is triggered by the gait phase detection and the stimulation intensity is automatically tuned by feedback of movement parameters.

Keywords: electrical stimulation,inertial sensing,biomedical systems

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00058

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: Karl Thomaseth; Amalia Gastaldelli; Alessandra Pavan; Rachele Berria; Leonard Glass; Ralph DeFronzo

Abstract: A mathematical model based on minimal physiological assumptions for describing simultaneously multiple glucose measurements during modified oral glucose tolerance test is presented. Parameter identification was carried out using a population approach, which allowed precise characterisation of average glucose kinetic parameters in the studied cohort, as well as between-subject variability associated with glucose tolerance state and other covariates. The statistical and computational complexity added with the formulation of non-linear hierarchical population kinetic models is compensated by improved robustness, over the traditional two-stage approach, in selecting the most adequate model structure/order at the individual level and the most significant determinants of glucose kinetics at the population level.

Keywords: mathematical models,medical applications,parameter identification,physiological models,reduced-order models,statistical analysis

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00015

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: Krzysztof Szafrański

Abstract: The factors leading to the rupture of intracranial saccular aneurysms are presented in this paper. The mathematical models based on the Legendre functions are presented, moreover minimisation of difference between actual and calculated radius of aneurysm is shown. The impact was put on the new approach towards estimation of rupture, which is more dependent on curvature and shape of an aneurysm than its size.

Keywords: biomedical systems,curves,modelling,polynomials,scalar,shapes,variable

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00088

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: Xavier Baty; Christine Cavaro-Menard; Jean-Jacques Le Jeune

Abstract: In this paper, we present an automatic multimodal registration method applied to gated PET, CT and MR images. CT images acquired on the same device as the PET ones are used to merge the anatomical MR and functional PET images. The registration process is divided in two steps: a 3D structure registration and a grey-levels registration. This approach enables global then local transformations. The structure registration uses a 3D biventricular heart model initialized on CT and MR data to define an optimal rigid transform. This global registration is then refined with the grey-levels step based on mutual information and free form deformations.

Keywords: image registration,medical applications,cardiac sequences

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00011

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: None

Abstract:

Keywords:

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00099

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006

Authors: Z. Cai; J. Bennett; D. Lu; J. Liu; M. Sharafuddin; H. Bai; G. Wang; E. Bai

Abstract: In this paper, a bolus tracking algorithm was proposed for the Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) under a realistic constraint, bolus density is monitored through a narrow temporal window. The objective of the control is to predict the bolus peak position so the synchronization of temporal window and bolus peak position can be obtained.

Keywords: computer tomography,trajectories,estimation algorithms,local control,tracking application

Identifier: 10.3182/20060920-3-FR-2912.00056

Conference: 6th IFAC Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, 2006

Location: Reims Congress Center, France

Start Date: Wed Sep 20 2006 - End Date: Fri Sep 22 2006