http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/ en Copyright 10:41 PM Sunday 19, 2013 IFAC-PapersOnline http://www.ifacpapersonline.com 10:41 PM Sunday 19, 2013 10:41 PM Sunday 19, 2013 ET webmaster@ifac-papersonline.net webmaster@ifac-papersonline.net http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40394.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40395.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40396.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40397.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 The continuously increasing daily traffic congestions on motorway networks call for innovative control measures that would drastically improve the current traffic conditions. Mainstream traffic flow control (MTFC) is proposed as a novel motorway traffic management tool. Its possible implementation and principal impact on traffic flow efficiency is analysed. Variable speed limits, suitably operated and enforced, is considered as one (out of several possible) way(s) for MTFC realisation, either as a stand-alone measure or in combination with ramp metering. A previously developed software tool for optimal integrated motorway network traffic control including MTFC is applied to a large-scale motorway ring-road. It is demonstrated via several investigated control scenarios that traffic flow can be substantially improved via MTFC with or without integration with coordinated ramp metering actions. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40398.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 This study proposes a design and evaluation method of lane change guidance system for freeway incident management. Microscopic simulator VISSIM is used to facilitate the design and evaluation. Sixteen incident scenarios are used with four varying factors: demanding flow, incident duration, incident location, and driver compliance rate. The average number of stops per vehicle and the average speed from one-hour simulation runs are recorded as performance measures to evaluate the effectiveness of the lane change guidance system. The results show that the lane change guidance system has positive impact on the environment and safety for certain traffic conditions. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40399.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 This paper presents the results of two calibration efforts and improvements of the Nomad microscopic walker model. Each calibration consisted in comparing the outcome of 19 sets of model parameters with results from laboratory experiments. Three different flows were used in the calibrations: bidirectional, unidirectional and a narrow bottleneck. For the first two types of flow the macroscopic speed-density relation is used for comparison. For the narrow-bottleneck the capacity for the bottleneck is assessed. Additionally, quantitative measures of self-organizing lane formation for the bidirectional flow are included in the calibration. In the first calibration effort only 4 parameter sets did not present gridlocks in the bidirectional flow and their results are presented. These four sets over estimated the capacity of the bottleneck and the efficiency of the unidirectional flows. These results are discussed and it is shown that a modification in the model is necessary. A modified model is presented and submitted to a new round of calibration. One parameter set showed significant improvement for the speed-density relations and the capacity of the bottleneck. The experience gained in this calibration effort indicates that pedestrian microscopic models can be calibrated over several types of flows simultaneously. However, this research shows that care must be taken when using only macroscopic flow properties for calibration. They may not guarantee the generality of the model due to the complexity and variety of possible flows. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40400.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 Concentration is a road traffic measure which explains the extent of usage of road space by vehicles. It is a broader term encompassing both density and occupancy. The first is a measure of concentration over space; the second measures concentration over time of the same vehicle stream. Occupancy takes into account the traffic composition and speed, in its measurement and hence, occupancy is more meaningful than density. The concept of occupancy can not be directly applied under heterogeneous traffic conditions, as the traffic has no lane discipline. In this paper, a new concept named, ‘area-occupancy’ is proposed to measure traffic concentration of any roadway and traffic conditions and the concept is validated using simulation technique. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40401.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 In this paper we first present an extension of the macroscopic traffic flow model METANET to multi-class flows. The resulting multi-class model takes into account the differences between, e.g., fast vehicles (cars) and slow vehicles (trucks) including their possibly different free-flow speeds and critical densities. Next, we show how this model can be used in a model-based predictive control approach for coordinated and integrated traffic flow control. In particular, we use Model Predictive Control (MPC) to coordinate various traffic control measures such as variable speed limits, ramp metering, etc. Using a simple benchmark example from the literature we illustrate that by taking the heterogeneous nature of multi-class traffic flows into account a better performance can be obtained. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40402.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 In this paper the problem of the strategic design of an automatic intermodal terminal is addressed. In particular, the considered terminal is supposed to be provided with an innovative transfer system (such as the Italian system Metrocargo) allowing to load/unload containers in a fast and horizontal way under the electric line. In this system, the main strategic decisions regard the number of shuttles, as well as the number of storage locations to be used in the terminal. At this purpose, an optimization problem is stated for determining the optimal resources in order to minimize the overall cost and taking into account some specific constraints. An algorithm is also defined for solving the proposed optimization problem. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40403.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 The current paper deals with a special case of the Network Design Problem (NDP) that arises when multiple authorities are controlling certain parts of a network and in particular when these are engaged into a deliberative environment, forming a competitive market for transportation services. This alteration significantly is departing from the classical paradigm of the NDP extending the classical single leader-multiple followers Stackelberg game-theoretic formulation to its complete form of multiple leaders-multiple followers Competitive NDP (CNDP). In order to address the particular problem an advanced mathematical formulation is introduced here based on multilevel vector-optimization programming concepts, while for tackling the proposed complex programming setup a novel Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based decentralized evolutionary optimization algorithm is proposed. The application of this framework is done over a freight network that is composed of multiple transportation means, and in particular over a complete transportation chain formed by shippers, maritime and land carriers and port authorities, where the latest are competing for profits. The market of maritime facilities is modeled as an n-person non-cooperative game among port authorities who control the attractiveness of their terminal facilities. By taking the above interdependencies into consideration, the estimation of the equilibrium point of the above formulation is made by creating a game-theoretic platform where Intelligent Agents (corresponding to port authorities) are evolving their strategies towards equilibrium points. Results from the application of the proposed framework into a realistic part of the East Mediterranean freight network are provided and discussed. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40404.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 The paper discusses the problems of product pricing optimization, optimal demand prediction, profitability estimation for service operations, and other types of activities in supply chain management. Enterprise’s transportation costs prediction algorithms are given for finished product shipment to forwarding companies. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40405.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 In this paper we analyze and compare EDI and XML based communication between shipping lines, terminal operators, government agencies, trucking companies, rail operators and other agents at the example of the Los Angeles and Long Beach ports. We investigate the suitability of (1) XML/EDI, (2) EDIINT (Web EDI), (3) Collaboration EDI and (4) Web Services for use as communication platforms at the ports. Currently at the Los Angeles and Long Beach ports information is mostly shared in a bilateral manner. As a result we describe and recommend an approach where terminals share data with shipping lines / carriers, rail operators, trucking companies, truckers and government agencies using XML based Web Services. This approach allows agents to either make information accessible through a web browser or through direct computer system to computer system communication. In the latter approach the terminals computer system will function as an automated information clearing house that can provide up-to-date, real-time information to all interested and authorized parties. Web Services furthermore allow securing and authenticating this information, protecting its dissemination. We believe that this approach can lead to increased throughput at the ports and an increase in capacity. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40406.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 The paper presents the methodology of prototyping the adaptive neuro-fuzzy anti-sway overhead traveling crane control system. The aim of control system is to reduce swing of a payload shifted by crane and to obtain expected position with assumed precision taking into consideration rope length and mass of a load variables. Proposed control system was based on the Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) neuro-fuzzy controller elaborated in the process of artificial neural network learning. Training data used in the learning process were obtained from conventional discrete control systems that were worked out using pole placement method (PPM) for parametric models of the controlled object. The control system was tested on the real object and the results of experiments are presented in the paper. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40407.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 State-of-the-art baggage handling systems transport luggage in an automated way using destination coded vehicles (DCVs). These vehicles transport the bags at high speeds on a "mini" railway network. In this paper we consider the problem of controlling the route of each DCV in the system. This is a nonlinear, nonconvex, mixed integer optimization problem. Nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) for mixed integer problems is usually very expensive in terms of computational effort. Therefore, in this paper we present an alternative approach for reducing the complexity of the computations by simplifying and approximating the nonlinear optimization problem by a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. The advantage is that for MILP optimization problems solvers are available to allow us to efficiently compute the global optimal solution. The solution of the MILP problem can then be used as a good initial starting point for the original nonlinear optimization problem. To assess the performance of the proposed formulation of the MPC optimization problem, we consider a benchmark case study, the results being compared for several scenarios. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40408.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 Modern baggage handling processes in airports use destination coded vehicles (DCVs) to transport the luggage at high speeds. These vehicles transport the bags on a "mini" railway network. In order optimize the performance of a DCV-based baggage handling system, the route of each DCV has to be determined. In this paper we consider an event-based model of this system. For routing the DCVs through the network we propose decentralized control methods that independently compute local control actions viz. decentralized model predictive control (MPC) and decentralized heuristic approaches. The considered control methods are compared for several scenarios. Results indicate that decentralized MPC can be used to suboptimally solve the problem. Moreover, the decentralized heuristic approaches usually give worse results than those obtained when using decentralized MPC, but on the other hand they require very low computation time. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40409.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 The majority of practical Large-Scale Traffic Control Systems (LSTCSs) requires the optimization (fine-tuning) of their design parameters. A tremendous amount of human effort and time is spent for optimization of the overall LSTCS, which is usually performed by experienced personnel in the lack of an automated – well established – systematic approach. This paper, investigates the efficiency of the Adaptive Fine-Tuning algorithm, when applied for automated fine-tuning of an urban traffic LSTCS with mutually-interacting control modules, each one with its distinct design parameters. The approach of AFT is based on a recently proposed Adaptive Optimization (AO) methodology that is aiming at replacing the manually-based optimization by a fully-automated procedure and is proven – using rigorous mathematical arguments – to provide with safe and reliable, efficient and rapid optimization of general LSTCSs. Simulations results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach when applied to the simultaneous fine tuning of two mutually-interacting LSTCS control modules. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40410.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 The railroads must be able to offer high-quality services for both the high-speed trains and the conventional ones. So, these objectives imply a search for a harmonization of the European rail network. For this purpose, the European Union set up a European management system of the rail traffic — the ERTMS system (European Rail Traffic Management System) — to ensure, in full safety, trains circulations on different European networks. As the full deployment of this system will be long and expensive, evolutions will be necessary and will raise other technological challenges. This paper presents methods, models, and tools dedicated to the generation of tests scenarios for the validation of ERTMS components based on functional requirements. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40411.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 Recent research has revealed that there exist large inter-driver differences in car-following behavior such that different car-following models may apply to different drivers. This study applies Bayesian techniques to the calibration of car-following models, where prior distributions on each model parameter are converted to posterior distributions. The priors and posteriors are then used to calculate the so-called ‘evidence’, which can be used to quantitatively assess how well different models explain one driver’s car-following behavior. When considered over multiple drivers, the evidence represents probabilities for different models as a whole. These model probabilities can be used in a micro simulation, where for each driver first a model is drawn according to these probabilities, after which parameters are drawn from the posterior distribution for each parameter of that model that were obtained when calibrating the model. In a test case on actual data the Bayesian evidence indeed reveals inter-driver differences and it is shown how these differences can quantitatively be assessed. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40412.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 This paper describes the application and relative performance of three different models for predicting traffic volatility in transportation networks. The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model, the Stochastic Volatility (SV) model and the Realized Volatility (RV) model are implemented in a real urban arterial network using real-time traffic data of volumes and occupancies. The experimental results provide evidence of the superior performance of the SV model and, at a lesser extent, of the RV model to produce out-of-sample volatility forecasts, in comparison to the standard GARCH methodology. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40413.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 Dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) systems integrate complex transportation demand and network supply simulation models to estimate current traffic conditions, predict future network performance and generate consistent, anticipatory route guidance. Before they are applied, DTA system parameters and inputs must be calibrated to accurately reflect travel behavior and traffic dynamics. This paper presents a systematic approach that unifies the off-line and on-line calibration of DTA systems through a common framework. Off-line calibration simultaneously estimates demand and supply model parameters. The on-line calibration jointly updates —in real-time— the demand and supply parameter values estimated during the off-line step to better reflect prevailing conditions. The methods are general and can utilize any available traffic surveillance information (including emerging data sources, such as Automated Vehicle Identification systems or probe vehicles). The two components complement each other so that the calibration of the DTA system parameters efficiently utilizes both historical as well as real-time information. The calibration approaches are demonstrated with DynaMIT (Dynamic network assignment for the Management of Information to Travelers), using time-varying count, speed and density data obtained from standard loop detectors. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40414.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 This paper illustrates the macroscopic modeling and simulation of Interstate 80 Eastbound in the Bay Area. Traffic flow and occupancy data from loop detectors is used for calibrating the model and specifying the inputs to the simulation. The model is calibrated based on the introduced Link-Node Cell Transmission Model and missing ramp flow data are estimated using an iterative learning-based imputation scheme. The simulation results using the calibrated model exhibit good agreement with loop detector measurements with total density errors of 3.1% and total flow error of 9.1% over the 23 mile stretch of the freeway under investigation and the particular day for which the ramp flows were imputed. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40415.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 Traffic simulation tools are becoming increasingly popular for evaluating short-term transportation planning and traffic operations management strategies. Planners and managers may choose from a range of available simulation tools that differ in the accuracy (i.e. fidelity) of their representation of real-world demand and supply phenomena. These tools can generally be classified as microscopic, mesoscopic or macroscopic, representing a decreasing order in level of detail and realism. In this paper, we showcase TransModeler, a simulation model that can handle all three fidelity levels on the same network. This hybrid simulation approach, unique to TransModeler, allows agencies to simulate very large urban networks while choosing the links, segments or corridors that require a detailed, microscopic focus. We present some methodological concepts behind TransModeler, its equilibrium capabilities, and illustrative case studies on real-world networks. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40416.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 This paper proposes a framework for collectively simulating marine terminal operations and urban traffic networks. The frame work consists of two simulation models: a flow-based macroscopic simulation model to simulate container terminals’ operations, and a microscopic traffic simulation model to simulate freeway traffic networks adjacent to the terminals. The proposed framework is designed to provide seamless and continuous interaction between the two simulation models. As a case study, a stretch of the I-710 freeway, in the State of California, US, adjacent to the Los Angeles/Long Beach (LA/LB) port is constructed in the framework. The constructed framework is used to simulate and quantify the movements of empty containers within the LA/LB port area. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40417.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 The goods movement via terminals at ports is a complex operation as it involves use of different modes of transport that includes surface, marine and train. In this paper, we present three simulation models which can be used to understand and evaluate these operations. The macroscopic simulation model simulates the focus in and out of terminals and ports and it is integrated with a microscopic simulation model of the adjacent road network. A terminal cost model receives inputs from these two models to evaluate the cost associated with the processing of containers inside the terminal. The use of the three models is demonstrated by evaluated the impact of terrorist attack scenario on Pier 400 container terminal in LA/LB Port complex. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/40418.html 04:00 PM Wednesday 31, 1969 Ports are important to the US economy. This is particularly true with the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach (POLA/LB). Over 40% of all containers shipped in and out of the US flow through the two-port complex. In addition, the POLA/LB complex support large bulk cargo, tanker, and cruise ship operations. It is vital that these ports be protected from terrorist attack and/or from damage from natural causes. The DHS funded Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) is developing a port security risk management and resource allocation system (PortSec). PortSec will support both tactical day-to-day security decision-making and long-term strategic security planning. An initial PortSec prototype (1.0) that supports tactical day-to-day risk assessment and resource allocation has been developed and demonstrated to the POLA/LB and the DHS Science & Technology Directorate. http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/static/luna/images/ifac/icon-download.gif