Authors: Johannsen, Gunnar

Abstract: The human-machine systems field has been represented by IFAC with its own symposium series since 25 years ago. The first conference was held in 1982 at Baden-Baden, Germany. The symposium series is an important part of the IFAC Masterplan with regular symposium events every three years. The multidisciplinary field of human-machine systems science and engineering is well-established and influential in many areas. It has always strongly been linked to automatic control, human-computer interaction, systems engineering, cognitive ergonomics, social impact of automation, and operations research, as well as to many application domains. This plenary paper gives a short historical and methodological overview and, then, presents information about all symposium events of the human-machine systems series. Thereby, organizational information and lists of all plenary papers of all events are reported. The main scientific achievements of the events are highlighted. Finally, the future of the human-machine systems field is briefly discussed.

Keywords: human-machine system,automatic control,human-computer interaction,supervisory control,systems engineering,decision support,human performance,cognitive ergonomics,social impact of automation,operations research

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00003

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Laitinen, Outi; Salo, Leena; Hastbacka, David; Tommila, Teemu; Kuikka, Seppo; Savioja, Paula; Juden, Topi; Valve, Ville

Abstract: This paper presents a study in which a concept of a work support and training tool for control engineers was developed. The aim of the tool is to provide control engineers means for developing professional skills and to promote collaboration and sharing of knowledge among the community of engineers. First, an interview study was conducted to gain understanding of the characteristics and demands of control engineering work. After identifying user requirements the concept of the tool was defined. Finally, a prototype was implemented using web technologies and emerging standards of computer supported learning.

Keywords: competence development,control engineering,core-task analysis,interaction,work organization,web technologies,work support tool

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00022

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Imagawa, Yu; Ito, Kyoko; Nishida, Shogo

Abstract: In organizations, it is essential to understand the current situation and resolve issues. In identifying issues, it is important and not easy for people within the organization to share their perceptions with each other, understanding the current situation of the organization. The present study focuses on the group issues identifying, in detail, sharing the perceptions of the actual situation within the organization, and awakening sensitivity of the organizational issues. In addition, a participatory presentation system is designed and implemented, and an evaluation experiment is conducted in an actual organization.

Keywords: computer applications,user interface,group work,communication system

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00045

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Braun, B.-M.; Roese, K.

Abstract: The "Method of Culture-Oriented Design" MCD is a structured and comprehensive approach to consider cultural impacts within the development of products and systems for markets abroad. Based on a generic system model that is linked to defined cross-cultural variables localization considerations are systematically supported. This paper describes the application of the MCD for the development of a driver information system for the Korean market.

Keywords: human-centred design,international,man/machine interaction,automotive systems

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00062

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Jeong, Sanghwa; Shin, Sangmoon; Kim, Gwangho

Abstract: Generally, an object transport system is driven by a conveyor belt system or a magnetic levitation system. It is an indispensable device for many fields and especially it is very important in the factory automation. Recent studies have focused on ultrasonic transport system to protect objects safely during transportation from being damaged in precision optical components by the contact force or destroyed in the inner structure of semiconductor by the magnetic field. The ultrasonic transport system is a device that transports objects on the elastic body using ultrasonic wave. When ultrasonic wave is applied to flexural beam, the flexural beam vibrates to excite air layer, which lifts up the object on the beam to transport. In this paper, we theoretically analyze dynamic characteristics of the ultrasonic transport system. Through normal mode expansion, the modelling equation on steady state response of ultrasonic vibration is expressed and natural frequency of flexural beam in each mode is also estimated. We also theoretically analyze the transport direction of objects depending on phase difference and frequency and verify the theoretic results by experiments.

Keywords: ultrasonic,vibration,theoretical analysis,traveling wave,standing wave,flexural beam

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00089

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Bian, Zhiqiang; Ishii, Hirotake; Shimoda, Hiroshi

Abstract: Improvement of tracking accuracy is an important issue when applying augmented reality to nuclear power plant fleldwork. Tracking accuracy depends highly on the marker arrangement when employing a tracking method using a camera and markers. For those reasons, this study develops a wheel tracking error computation method to compute the tracking error from the marker arrangement and errors in the screen coordinate. An evaluation experiment was conducted using a kind of linecode markers developed before. Experimental results show that the tracking error computation is reliable and the speed of the tracking error computation is affordable to be applied in real time error estimation in NPP fleld work support.

Keywords: augmented reality,tracking accuracy,tracking error estimation method,marker arrangement,design system,evaluation method,industrial plant,maintenance support,linecode marker

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00030

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Becker, U.; Drewes, J.; Schnieder, E.

Abstract: Besides increasing the comfort for drivers by the use of automotive assistance systems like cruise control or navigation systems new advanced driver assistance systems like lane departure warning or the emergency brake assistance intend to increase road traffic safety. Further the increase of safety goes along with mitigating risks, which for road users are expressed by the possibility and the severity of accidents. The presented approach in this paper shows a methodical way of learning from accident characteristics and statistics recorded in databases in order to set up functional requirements for new driver assistance systems that are able to improve the road safety by efficiently assisting the driver in critical situations on one hand and to set the main focus on functional assistance systems for situations with the highest accident rates on the other hand. This will help to evaluate existing systems and to develop advanced and safety efficient driver assistance systems increasing road safety.

Keywords: automotive control,safety,human reliability,driver behaviour,efficiency

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00048

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Inagaki, T.; Itoh, M.

Abstract: This paper reports result of experiments with a driving simulator in order to answer the following question: What type of support should be given to an automobile driver when it is determined, via some method to monitor the driver's behavior and the traffic condition, that the driver's intent may not be appropriate to a traffic condition? This paper compares soft protection and hard protection from viewpoints to reduce automation surprises as well as to cope with a driver's misinterpretation of warning messages or machine's protective action for avoiding a collision into some other vehicle.

Keywords: adaptive automation,automobiles,human-centered design,human-machine interface,man/machine interaction,risk,safety-critical

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00078

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Millot, P.; Debernard, S.

Abstract: As technical processes become more and more complex and the need to support human operators in supervision or control tasks becomes increasingly crucial, the nature of the interactions between human operators and Decision Support Systems (DSS) tends towards Human-Machine cooperation in which the DSS facilitates a partnership with the human operators. In this paper, we first recall a definition for cooperation from the field of psychology: Two agents are cooperating if 1) each one strives towards goals and can interfere with the other (e.g., in terms of goals, resources, procedures) and 2) each agent tries to detect and process such interferences to make the other's activities easier. This definition, which was originally intended to describe human-human cooperation, can be extended to Human-Machine Cooperation if adjustments are made to compensate for the limitations of the machine's capabilities. We then present the four basic elements needed to design a cooperative Decision Support System: • sufficient know-how for solving problems autonomously, • know-how-to-cooperate ability, • an adequate organizational structure that integrates human and machine, and • a need-to-cooperate. Key studies in engineering have focused on know-how; others have concentrated on the ability to know-how-to-cooperate; still others, on the organizational structure of the Human-Machine partnership and the conditions that motivate human and artificial agents to cooperate to accomplish a task. Using a multi-disciplinary approach that associates research in cognitive psychology and human engineering, we bring these 4 basic elements together in a methodology for designing Human-Machine cooperative systems. This methodology is the result of more than twelve years of experiments at LAMIH in several fields of application, mainly Air Traffic Control and Telecommunication networks.

Keywords: human machine cooperation,cooperative decision support system,common frame of reference,design of human-machine systems,cooperation forms

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00061

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Li, Xilin; Sanderson, Penelope; Memisevic, Rizah; Wong, B. L. William; Choudhury, Sanjib

Abstract: This paper discusses the temporal fit of teams of controllers to a real world hydropower system (HPS) in a deregulated market environment, emphasizing how well displays support quality of control performance by industry controllers. The results of an empirical evaluation suggest that displays that integrate task constraints over appropriate time scales help controllers construct more immediate responses and more effective patterns of activity in handling contingencies.

Keywords: human-machine interface,evaluation,human-supervisory control,hydroelectric system,temporal reasoning,time,measurement,energy control

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00053

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: None

Abstract:

Keywords:

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.90003

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Hamacher, Nico; Kraiss, Karl-Friedrich

Abstract: The observance of numerous usability guidelines during system development is tedious and error prone, and yet has largely to be performed manually. In this paper we therefore present a specialized expert tool, which takes care of this task. It significantly disburdens the developer during the system design process from the bookkeeping of guideline prescriptions and thus guarantees a consistent and usable system design. The automatic evaluation comprises all areas of usability design, i.e. graphical user interface, wording, and dialog structure. The applicability of this evaluation tool is demonstrated using two different driver information systems as examples. It is shown, that the analytically derived results are in almost perfect agreement with empirical findings.

Keywords: automatic evaluation,expert system,usability,interface design

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00007

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: El Menceur, M.-O. Ait; Pudlo, P.; Gorce, P.; Lepoutre, F.-X.

Abstract: This paper presents the automobile ingress/egress movement strategies adopted by 41 test subjects from a mixed population of able-bodied, elderly and/or disabled drivers when entering/exiting four stripped vehicles representing 90% of the automobile types presently on the market. Two general movement families were identified, those starting from a standing position on one foot or on two feet. Eight ingress/egress movement strategies were identified (5 ingress and 3 egress). This paper describes these strategies in terms of the population performing them and the vehicle tested. It appears that no one strategy is used systematically by a single person, since subjects tend to adapt their strategy to the tested vehicle.

Keywords: automobile accessibility movement strategies,disabled and elderly driver' behaviour,ergonomic analysis,digital human models,biomechanics

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00059

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Vanderhaegen, F.; Petersen, J.

Abstract: The paper develops the concepts of barrier function and mechanisms taking into account both positive and negative view, i.e. the actions the barrier is opposed to and the actions the barrier promotes. The affordances concept is then applied to describe the opportunities for actions or for situations (i.e., the consequences of actions) when using barriers. Intentional and apparent barriers are introduced in terms of the design of the barrier mechanism and of the perception of a barrier function in relation with the opportunities for actions or for situations. A case study related to procedure application is discussed.

Keywords: barrier,behaviour,dynamic modelling,prevention,protection,risk,system analysis

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00024

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Pacaux-Lemoine, M.-P.; Vanderhaegen, F.

Abstract: The paper presents an attempt to use the so-called BCD model (i.e., Benefit/Cost/Deficit model) in order to identify the human state. Different human states are taken into account from the automation and mechanical viewpoints to the psychological and physiological ones. Various signals identifying these human states can be analysed firstly alone, and then together in order to identify Benefit, Cost and Deficit parameters of a situation, here a driving traffic situation, and to analyse the impact of human state stability on safety driving.

Keywords: human factors,human error,model based control,risk,stable states,unstable states

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00066

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Skourup, Charlotte; Graven, Tone G.; Husoy, Kristoffer

Abstract: Collaboration is recognised as essential to achieve efficient and safe operation of industrial processes. This paper presents a comparison test of a P&ID-based schematic representation, a 2D map and a 3D visualisation for remote one-to-one collaborative tasks. The results indicate that the participants had a higher completion rate of tasks based on the 2D and 3D interfaces, and they experienced fewer communication errors. The main conclusion is that the choice of visualisation technique for the interface should strongly depend on the specific task. 3D and 2D interfaces afford to use spatial references more and more intuitively whereas the schematic interface supports the use of topological references better than the others.

Keywords: remote collaboration,mental model,advanced visualisation,3D model

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00044

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Katzke, Uwe; Vogel-Heuser, Birgit

Abstract: The visual presentation of the software standard IEC 61131-3 for embedded automation systems can hardly impart the structures of complex solutions. The UML as an alternative presentation from conventional software is confusing the engineers of this domain, as it contains many diagrams and notation details, which are designed for other purposes. The UML for Process Automation (UML-PA) offers a customized subset of the UML, which simplifies the graphical structure of the UML. Ambiguous notations elements of the UML are supplemented or cleared. UML-PA refers to IEC 1131-3 behavior specifications to offer skilled familiar notations within the framework of new structures.

Keywords: problem-oriented languages,process control languages,control engineering,control system design,modeling,programming approaches,object modeling techniques

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00016

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Berggren, Peter; Alfredson, Jens; Andersson, Jan; Modeer, Bjorn

Abstract: Two independent experiments were performed where we compared measurements of shared situational awareness in a microworld with similar measures in a developmental environment. After presenting how the two experimental settings are similar/ different the results regarding shared situational awareness are presented and compared. The results indicate that the measurement techniques are comparable over settings.

Keywords: command and control systems,co-ordination,simulation,dynamic behaviour,complex systems

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00082

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Park, Jinkyun; Jung, Wondea; Park, Weonseo

Abstract: According to operating experiences, it is clarified that an operator's performance could be drastically deteriorated by complicated procedures From this regard, a task complexity measure called TACOM that consists of five sub-measures was developed. In this study, the appropriateness of the task complexity (TACOM) measure that can quantify the complexity of procedural tasks was validated. To this end, two sets of task performance time data that have been extracted under the simulated steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) conditions of the reference nuclear power plant (NPP) A and B were compared with the associated TACOM scores. As a result, it was observed that two sets of task performance time data seem to be soundly explained by the associated TACOM scores

Keywords: task complexity measure,operator performance,simulated emergency,emergency operating procedure

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00025

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Driewer, Frauke; Sauer, Markus; Schilling, Klaus

Abstract: Mobile robots can significantly support human teams in dangerous environments in order to reduce risks. Joint teams of humans and robots take advantage of complementary capabilities in navigation, search and planning. Remote coordination of such teams needs efficient teleoperation interfaces. Mixed reality approaches for remote coordination for human-robot teams are investigated. Evaluation results are presented from first experiments.

Keywords: robotics,mobile robots,teleoperation,human-machine interface,supervisory control,virtual reality,telematics

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00020

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Cha, Woo Chang

Abstract: The analog typed interface of main control room in nuclear power plant (NPP) is gradually being replaced to the one suitable for the digital environment. SKN 3,4 Nuclear Power Plant is currently developed in such a way to employ digitalized displays and controls such as computerized procedure system(CPS), large display panel(LDP), and Soft control. The main control room (MCR) of the SKN 3,4 was designed based on the human factors guidelines, which somehow lack of the confidence for the rapidly changing digital environment. The suitable review guideline for the digitalized information displays was developed with an extension to the total digital environment including task environment, hardware and workstation. For the guideline development, tremendous guidelines and technical papers related to evaluation issues of digital environment has been collected, analyzed and transformed to electric database forms and then built on database management system to retrieve the appropriate issues for the practical usage of evaluators-in-field.

Keywords: guideline,information display,VDT,CBP,nuclear power plant

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00054

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Itoh, Makoto; Inagaki, Toshiyuki

Abstract: This paper analyzes effects of performing a cognitive subtask during driving and develops methods to detect cognitive distraction. The results suggest that how to integrate each single variable judgment should be determined depending on to what extent the false alarm rate is allowed. By conducting a discriminant analysis, this paper also suggested that fusion of multiple dimensional sensor data can improve the reliability of the detection of cognitive distraction.

Keywords: adaptation,automobiles,data fusion,driver behaviour,human-machine interface,mental workload,prediction models,prevention,real time,safety

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00074

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Kiguchi, Kazuo; Sato, Hiroshi

Abstract: The robotics technology is expected to play an important role not only in industries, but also in medicine and welfare. An EMG-controlled artificial arm is one of the most important robotic systems for persons who lost their original arm by accident or disease. This paper presents a concept of the 3DOF intelligent artificial arm that activates the elbow flexion/extension motion, forearm pronation/supination motion, and hand open/close motion based on EMG signals of the user's remained active muscles.

Keywords: robots,intelligent control,fuzzy control,biocybernetics,man/machine interfaces

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00040

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Kim, Man Cheol; Park, Jinkyun; Jung, Wondea; Kim, Hanjeom

Abstract: In abnormal or emergency situations, correct communication between main control room (MCR) operators is important to safe operation of safety-critical systems such as nuclear power plants (NPPs) and large-scale chemical plants. To improve the communications between MCR operators in NPPs during emergency situations, we developed a standard communication protocol for the emergency operation procedures (EOPs) of Korean Standard Nuclear Plant (KSNP). A general comment from real NPP operators was that the standard communication protocol is expected to increase the safety and economy of NPPs by reducing communication-related human errors.

Keywords: nuclear plants,standard,communication protocols,human error,operators

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00041

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007

Authors: Inayoshi, Hiroaki; Kurita, Takio

Abstract: This paper presents three topics related to the goal of head pose classification: (1) improvement of the conventional state-of-the-art face detector; (2) implementation of head-pose classifier; (3) robust and fast eye-tracking. Proposed face detector is learned by replacing each training image by multiple binarized ones using multi-thresholds and detects face(s) in a binarized image rather than usual grayscale one. Implemented headpose classifier reconstruct input image using principal components and best pose-class whose reconstruct matches the input most is selected. Robust and fast eye-tracking uses four templates of eye-corners and searches neighboring areas with highest score of normalized cross correlation.

Keywords: drivers,detection algorithms,classification,classifiers,tracking systems,visual pattern recognition,real-time systems

Identifier: 10.3182/20070904-3-KR-2922.00077

Conference: 10th IFAC,IFIP,IFORS,IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems

Location: Sheraton Grande Walkerhill, Korea

Start Date: Tue Sep 04 2007 - End Date: Thu Sep 06 2007